Embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, where people were killed and 4, were injured, and Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, where 11 people were killed and 85 were injured. Al Qaeda took credit for the bombings. Then, on October 12, , a small boat loaded with explosives plowed into the hull of the U.
Cole, an American naval destroyer docked off the coast of Yemen. Bin Laden took credit for that incident as well. A federal grand jury in the United States indicted bin Laden on charges related to the embassy bombings, but with no defendant there could be no trial. Meanwhile, al Qaeda operatives were busy planning the biggest attack of all: the September 11, attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.
For almost ten years, he remained in hiding, issuing fatwas and taunts over radio and television, recruiting enthusiastic young jihadis to his cause and plotting new attacks. Meanwhile, the CIA and other intelligence officials searched in vain for his hiding place. Finally, in August , they traced bin Laden to a compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, about 35 miles from Islamabad. For months, CIA agents watched the house while drones photographed it from the sky. Finally, it was time to move.
They found the al Qaeda leader in an upstairs bedroom with a pistol and an assault rifle nearby and shot him in the head and chest, killing him instantly. In September , President Donald Trump confirmed that bin Laden's son, Hamza bin Laden, who had been viewed as a potential successor to the al Qaeda leader, was killed in a U.
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While under immense time pressure to vacate the premises before Pakistani military arrived, they quickly swept up a treasure trove November - Is indicted by the United States on counts of murder for the embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania.
He claims he was trained in urban warfare and explosives at an Afghanistan camp run by bin Laden. May 29, - Four of bin Laden's alleged supporters are convicted of the bombings of the US embassies in Africa. December 25, - The Pakistan Observer publishes details of bin Laden's alleged funeral.
On the front page, the newspaper reports that an unnamed Taliban leader said bin Laden "had a peaceful natural death in mid-December in the vicinity" of the Tora Bora mountains. The report says that his death was the result of a "serious lung complication He was laid to rest honorably in his last abode" in a grave prepared according to the beliefs of the fundamentalist Wahhabi sect of Islam to which the Qaeda leader belonged, the report said.
December 27, - Afghan officials report that bin Laden is in Pakistan with al Qaeda sympathizers. January 18, - Pakistani leader Pervez Musharraf says that Osama bin Laden might have died of kidney failure in Afghanistan after becoming separated from a dialysis machine he had used in recent years. March 9, - A Saudi-owned publication quotes one of bin Laden's wives as saying her personal belief is that he is living.
The woman, identified only as A. Osama's death cannot be hidden. Bush who promised his people to kill Osama, not knowing that lives are in the hands of God. June 12, - A Russian newspaper publishes what it claims is an interview with Mullah Mohammed Omar.
Omar states bin Laden is alive in Afghanistan. The fire from this war will reach America, and it will burn the capital that launched an unjust attack on Muslims. March 10, - Muslim clerics in Spain issue what they call the world's first fatwa, or Islamic edict, against bin Laden. They call him an apostate and urge others of their faith to denounce him. The ruling is issued by the Islamic Commission of Spain, the main body representing the country's Muslim community.
December - The US government admits a "lack of intelligence" on bin Laden's whereabouts, noting he could be in Afghanistan or Pakistan. May 2, - In the early morning hours, a small group of US Forces, including Navy Seals, raid a walled and fortified compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan.
In the ensuing firefight, bin Laden and three other men die. A woman also dies. There was, finally, a sense of closure.
The fifth phase, from , was the era of transformation, as once again, U. The following year, al-Qaeda repudiated its former affiliate. But far from collapsing as an organization, ISIS subsequently swept into northern Iraq and declared a global caliphate. Meanwhile, in the often-forgotten war in Afghanistan, American troops were withdrawn and the Taliban made steady gains, with the campaign left teetering between stalemate and failure. Victory would mean achieving core aims at an acceptable cost relative to the benefits.
Al-Qaeda did meet some of its goals: With limited resources, bin Laden gained incredible notoriety and inflicted enormous damage on a great power. But in a broader analysis, bin Laden failed.
Yes, U. Crucially, al-Qaeda was unable to mobilize Muslims around a strict Islamist identity that transcended other loyalties. And national, tribal, and other local identities remain profoundly important from the Palestinians to the Pakistanis. From , confidence in bin Laden collapsed in many Muslim-majority countries, falling from 59 percent to 26 percent in Indonesia, and from 56 percent to 13 percent in Jordan. In a poll taken in 11 Muslim countries, a median of just 13 percent had a favorable view of al-Qaeda, whereas 57 percent had an unfavorable view.
Another key al-Qaeda goal was to assume leadership of the global jihadist movement. Today, al-Qaeda affiliates in North Africa and Yemen remain a threat. But history seems to have moved on. Al-Qaeda was a marginal player in the grand drama of the Arab Spring. Al-Qaeda is a loose terrorist network focused on launching spectacular attacks to mobilize Muslims, which sometimes relied on host governments like the Taliban. ISIS is simultaneously a terrorist network, an insurgency, and a quasi-state, with tens of thousands of fighters , widespread territorial control, and extensive funding.
Bin Laden saw the caliphate as a distant goal. In his declaration of war, bin Laden promised that Muslim martyrs would receive 72 pure virgins in heaven. ISIS offers sex slaves right now. Front-loading the rewards proved popular. By , an estimated one thousand foreign fighters were joining ISIS every month, far in excess of new al-Qaeda recruits. War is not a sports match where one team wins and the other team loses.
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