It formed one part of a larger body of legislation, known as the Cornwallis Code. The Cornwallis Code of divided the East India Company's service personnel into three branches: revenue, judicial, and commercial. Revenues were collected by zamindars, native Indians who were treated as landowners. Domestication is the process by which farmers select for desirable traits by breeding successive generations of a plant or animal.
Over time, a domestic species becomes different from its wild relative. Neolithic farmers selected for crops that harvested easily. Wild wheat, for instance, falls to the ground and shatters when it is ripe. Early humans bred for wheat that stayed on the stem for easier harvesting.
Around the same time that farmers were beginning to sow wheat in the Fertile Crescent, people in Asia started to grow rice and millet. Scientists have discovered archaeological remnants of Stone Age rice paddies in Chinese swamps dating back at least 7, years. In Mexico , squash cultivation began about 10, years ago, while maize-like crops emerged around 9, years ago.
Livestock: The first livestock were domesticated from animals that Neolithic humans hunted for meat. Domestic pigs were bred from wild boars, for instance, while goats came from the Persian ibex. Domesticated animals made the hard, physical labor of farming possible while their milk and meat added variety to the human diet.
They also carried infectious diseases: smallpox, influenza and the measles all spread from domesticated animals to humans.
The first farm animals also included sheep and cattle. These originated in Mesopotamia between 10, and 13, years ago. Water buffalo and yak were domesticated shortly after in China , India and Tibet.
Draft animals including oxen, donkeys and camels appeared much later—around 4, B. The Neolithic Revolution led to masses of people establishing permanent settlements supported by farming and agriculture.
It paved the way for the innovations of the ensuing Bronze Age and Iron Age , when advancements in creating tools for farming, wars and art swept the world and brought civilizations together through trade and conquest. The Development of Agriculture; National Geographic. The Seeds of Civilization; Smithsonian Magazine. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present.
The Stone Age marks a period of prehistory in which humans used primitive stone tools. Lasting roughly 2. During the Stone Hunter-gatherers were prehistoric nomadic groups that harnessed the use of fire, developed intricate knowledge of plant life and refined technology for hunting and domestic purposes as they spread from Africa to Asia, Europe and beyond.
From African hominins of 2 million years The Russian Revolution of was one of the most explosive political events of the twentieth century.
On the lands that now comprise Alberta, Indigenous people were mostly nomadic hunter-gatherers that transported portable shelters to different locations from season to season. Indigenous history in this province stretches back over 11, years.
In that time, First Nations peoples developed an intimate understanding of the land, and the plants and animals that call it home. Early European settlers sought to benefit from this knowledge, often establishing forts on traditional gathering sites, or other locations where they could easily trade with Indigenous peoples.
In the late s to early s, the Crown signed treaties with First Nations peoples that enabled the Canadian Government to further pursue agriculture, settlement, and resource development. Treaty 6 , Treaty 7 , and Treaty 8 cover lands in Alberta. Given that these and other treaties include clauses on the shared use of land and the relationship between First Nations and the Crown, it is very important for municipalities to be familiar with the treaties when engaging and working with Indigenous peoples.
Planning practices need to take this into account, giving consideration to the historical and current issues Indigenous peoples face, and undertaking in meaningful engagement when decisions have the potential to impact them. Click here for more information about the history of Indigenous peoples in Alberta. Click here for a list of First Nations in Alberta including their treaty affiliation and location. Click here for information and resources on Indigenous Peoples planning and community development.
Settlements and the municipalities that grew out of them initially took very different forms in different parts of Canada. The British planned out their settlements very differently, most often following neatly laid out gridiron patterns. Later settlements in Upper Canada mostly followed similar gridiron streets in a functional manner.
Communities in western Canada were different again from French and British colonial settlements. Rather than being established to exert European colonial dominance, western settlements followed a newly expanding railroad, taking advantage of natural resources and agricultural potential. These railway towns almost always followed gridiron patterns like the British settlements in the East, but were centered on the railway rather than other key developments.
Many settlements were constructed by rail corporations or resource extraction businesses such as mines. The expansion of the railway into the West is a key example of the importance of technology in defining the urban landscape. The building of the railway resulted in a proliferation of new communities and resulted in a population boom in western Canada. Without the railway, only minor trading forts situated along major rivers were capable of delivering people and goods so far from the populated east.
The Canadian Pacific Railway built a rail line through the Crowsnest Pass between and to access coal and mineral deposits, and assert Canadian sovereignty. Throughout the 19th century, this changed dramatically.
Rapidly increasing demand for resources in other markets drove massive economic and population growth. This explosive growth continued in the 20th and 21st centuries, increasing to 14 million in and almost 35 million in
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