The basic physiological needs are probably fairly apparent—these include the things that are vital to our survival. Some examples of physiological needs include:. In addition to the basic requirements of nutrition, air and temperature regulation, the physiological needs also include such things as shelter and clothing.
Maslow also included sexual reproduction in this level of the hierarchy of needs since it is essential to the survival and propagation of the species. At this level, the needs for security and safety become primary. People want control and order in their lives. So, this need for safety and security contributes largely to behaviors at this level. Some of the basic security and safety needs include:. Finding a job, obtaining health insurance and health care, contributing money to a savings account, and moving into a safer neighborhood are all examples of actions motivated by the security and safety needs.
Together, the safety and physiological levels of the hierarchy make up what is often referred to as the basic needs. At this level, the need for emotional relationships drives human behavior.
Some of the things that satisfy this need include:. In order to avoid problems such as loneliness , depression, and anxiety, it is important for people to feel loved and accepted by other people. Personal relationships with friends, family, and lovers play an important role, as does involvement in other groups that might include religious groups, sports teams, book clubs, and other group activities.
When the needs at the bottom three levels have been satisfied, the esteem needs begin to play a more prominent role in motivating behavior.
At this point, it becomes increasingly important to gain the respect and appreciation of others. People have a need to accomplish things and then have their efforts recognized. In addition to the need for feelings of accomplishment and prestige, esteem needs include such things as self-esteem and personal worth. People need to sense that they are valued and by others and feel that they are making a contribution to the world.
Participation in professional activities, academic accomplishments, athletic or team participation, and personal hobbies can all play a role in fulfilling the esteem needs. People who are able to satisfy the esteem needs by achieving good self-esteem and the recognition of others tend to feel confident in their abilities. Those who lack self-esteem and the respect of others can develop feelings of inferiority. Together, the esteem and social levels make up what is known as the psychological needs of the hierarchy.
Such people seem to be fulfilling themselves and to be doing the best that they are capable of doing. They are people who have developed or are developing to the full stature of which they capable.
Self-actualizing people are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others, and interested in fulfilling their potential.
Click below to listen now. Maslow's theory has become wildly popular both in and out of psychology. The fields of education and business have been particularly influenced by the theory.
While popular, Maslow's concept has not been without criticism. Chief among these:. Rather than focusing on abnormal behavior and development, Maslow's humanistic psychology was focused on the development of healthy individuals. While there was relatively little research supporting the theory, the hierarchy of needs is well-known and popular both in and out of psychology. In a study published in , researchers from the University of Illinois set out to put the hierarchy to the test.
What they discovered is that while the fulfillment of the needs was strongly correlated with happiness, people from cultures all over the world reported that self-actualization and social needs were important even when many of the most basic needs were unfulfilled. Such results suggest that while these needs can be powerful motivators of human behavior, they do not necessarily take the hierarchical form that Maslow described. Ever wonder what your personality type means?
Modell, Harold, et al. Holt-Lunstad, Julianne, et al. Tay, Louis, and Ed Deiner. Ryff, Carol D. Pillow, David R. Actively scan device characteristics for identification.
Use precise geolocation data. Select personalised content. Create a personalised content profile. Measure ad performance. Select basic ads. Create a personalised ads profile. Select personalised ads. Apply market research to generate audience insights. Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. Share Flipboard Email. Elizabeth Hopper. Psychology Expert. Elizabeth Hopper, Ph. Updated February 24, In this theory, higher needs in the hierarchy begin to emerge when people feel they have sufficiently satisfied the previous need.
Featured Video. View Article Sources. Cite this Article Format. Hopper, Elizabeth. Once individuals have basic nutrition, shelter, and safety, they seek to fulfill higher-level needs. The third level of need is social , which include love and belonging; when individuals have taken care of themselves physically, they can address their need to share and connect with others.
Deficiencies at this level, on account of neglect, shunning, ostracism, etc. Humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance, whether it comes from a large social group or a small network of family and friends. Other sources of social connection may be professional organizations, clubs, religious groups, social media sites, and so forth.
Humans need to love and be loved sexually and non-sexually by others. Without these attachments, people can be vulnerable to psychological difficulties such as loneliness, social anxiety, and depression. The fourth level is esteem , which represents the normal human desire to be valued and validated by others, through, for example, the recognition of success or status. This level also includes self-esteem, which refers to the regard and acceptance one has for oneself. Imbalances at this level can result in low self-esteem or an inferiority complex.
People suffering from low self-esteem may find that external validation by others—through fame, glory, accolades, etc. The fifth level of the pyramid is self-actualization. Self-actualization is rarely a permanent feeling or state. Rather, it refers to the ongoing need for personal growth and discovery that people have throughout their lives.
Self-actualization may occur after reaching an important goal or overcoming a particular challenge, and it may be marked by a new sense of self-confidence or contentment. For example, some people work primarily for money, but they also like to go to work because they enjoy feeling respected by others and appreciated for their good work.
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